This is a summary of the book titled “Energy - a human history” written by Richard Rhodes and published by Simon and Schuster in 2018. The author is a prolific and acclaimed writer who covers major innovations in energy in the last 400 years. As a journal of scientific history, this book covers breakthroughs such as turning coal into steam, building railroads, electric grid and automobiles and eventually to harness the power of atom. His lessons on the benefits and risks of each source of energy holds value as we evaluate the challenges of climate change. Cheap abundant energy has driven prosperity for society. Wood was scarce and that prompted finding coal, but mining and transportation was difficult. Canals were built and steam drove the railway beginning with freight in 1831. The search for oil began because kerosene could be distilled from bitumen. Electricity was a breakthrough for the industrial age and the invention of the internal combustion engine propelled transportation. Oil became a global hunt with Middle East becoming a huge producer. World war II spurred the development of nuclear power, and its aftermath highlighted the pollution from power generation. Understanding the benefits and risks of each source of energy is crucial to managing environmental impact.

Over the last 400 years, western societies have demonstrated remarkable innovation in finding and exploiting new energy sources. Wood gave way to coal, and coal made room for oil, as coal and oil now make way for natural gas, nuclear power, and renewables. Obscure inventors and scientists made great advances motivated by the scarcity, cost, or other shortcomings of existing energy sources, delivering more efficient sources of heat, light, and transportation.

Elizabethan England's scarcity of wood led to the search for alternatives, such as coal, which provided energy but was difficult to mine. As coal mining expanded, miners faced the problem of flooding, leading to the development of steam engines. James Watt patented a better steam engine in 1769, which was sold to coal miners and other industrialists under an exclusive patent until 1800.

Mine owners built canals to reduce the cost of transporting coal, such as the Bridgewater Canal, which reduced the price of coal in Manchester by 50%. Improved smelting allowed for the use of iron rails for efficient coal hauling.

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first commercial passenger and freight railway, opened in 1831, powered by steam. Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick developed a high-pressure steam engine, allowing it to be smaller than earlier models. George Stephenson won a competition to demonstrate the safety and speed of steam-powered rail, leading to the development of the first railway in the world, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The first gas lights were installed in London in 1807. The search for oil began with kerosene, a fuel source for lighting, invented by Canadian physician Abraham Gesner. The US Civil War boosted the market for oil, with production reaching 4.8 million barrels by 1870. However, the environmental costs of drilling, transporting, and distilling oil became apparent, making the process messy.

Electricity was a significant energy source that fueled economic growth. Despite the existence of electricity, scientists were unsure of how to use it. Hans Christian Oersted discovered electromagnetism, which enabled the generation of electricity in sufficient quantities for practical use. Early developers recognized Niagara Falls as a potential power source and worked to harness its potential effectively. William Stanley Jr. developed alternating current (AC), allowing transmission over long distances. Westinghouse built generators and transmission lines to harness Niagara Falls' power, making Buffalo, New York, the first electrified city. The introduction of electric streetcars in the 1880s reduced transportation costs and accelerated city growth. Henry Ford developed his first automobile in 1896, using a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.

The need for oil became international, leading to exploration in the Middle East. In 1933, Standard Oil of California signed a 60-year deal with Saudi Arabia, leading to a significant discovery in 1938. The development of oil fields required the construction of oil and gas pipelines, which were later used to deliver natural gas, a by-product of oil production. The outbreak of World War II boosted the demand for oil, leading to the construction of the world's largest and longest oil pipeline, the Big Inch. The Atomic Energy Act granted the US government a monopoly on nuclear power, but the Atomic Energy Commission created a joint venture to build a nuclear reactor near Pittsburgh in 1953. By the 1950s, the problem of pollution from power generation became evident, and the connection between air pollution and health was poorly understood until the mid-20th century.

In the 1950s, a chemist at the California Institute of Technology discovered that smog in Los Angeles was caused by automobile and factory emissions interacting with sunlight and ozone. This led to the 1970 US Clean Air Act. Wealth has been linked to environmental regulation, with wealthier societies becoming cleaner and healthier. Understanding the benefits and risks of energy sources is crucial for managing environmental impact and addressing climate change. Climate change has increased public awareness, leading to research on renewable energy sources like wind and solar power.