In this post, we will cover an interesting topic : cliques and sub-groups.
In graphs and networks, one of the common interests is the presence of "sub-structures" that may be present in a network. Neighborhoods and groups of nodes fall into this category. When small compact sub-networks are joined to form large networks in a bottom up manner, we form extended network known as cliques. In cliques there's generally more interaction between the members than with others.
A clique can be considered a closed elite.  We can also look for this substructure from the top down. The idea that some regions of graph may be less connected than the whole  may lead to insights into cleavage and division. Weaker parts in the social fabric also create opportunities for brokerage and less constrained action.Most computer algorithms for locating sub-structures operate on binary symmetric data. We can use Knoke information exchange data to illustrate these sub-networks with strong ties. Knoke information exchange can be viewed as a binary connectedness values on the adjacency matrix of a directed graph.

I'm taking a short break today as I'm taking my time on another task from work today.